Histological Features of Different Types of Cartilages in the Body Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue that...
Don Steve
PASSIONATE ABOUT HEALTH AND SCIENCE, I WRITE UPBEAT, EASY-TO-DIGEST MEDICAL POSTS TO INFORM, INSPIRE, AND EMPOWER READERS EVERY DAY!
Major Lobes and Regions of the Cerebellum The cerebellum can be divided into several anatomical lobes and...
Graded potentials are essential physiological phenomena that occur in neurons and muscle cells, representing localized changes in...
Importance of Patient Autonomy The importance of patient autonomy in healthcare is a fundamental principle that underscores the...
Medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) refer to physical symptoms that persist for an extended period, typically more than...
Analysis of the History and Examination of a Patient with Arrhythmias Introduction to Arrhythmias Arrhythmias are irregular...
Common Causes of Neck Swelling 1. Swollen Lymph Nodes: Swollen lymph nodes are one of the most...
Components of Plasma Plasma is the liquid component of blood, constituting approximately 55% of total blood volume....
Understanding “A Good Death” The term “a good death” refers to an end-of-life experience that aligns with...
Definition of Action Potential An action potential is a rapid, transient change in the membrane potential of...
Physiological Basis of Generation of Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) The resting membrane potential (RMP) is a critical...
Teratogen and Dysmorphogen 1. Definition of Teratogen A teratogen is a substance or factor that can cause...
Types of Brain Hemorrhages Brain hemorrhages, also known as intracranial hemorrhages, can be classified based on their...
Definition of Joints Joints, also known as articulations, are connections between two or more bones in the...
Post-term pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy that lasts longer than 42 weeks (294 days) from the...
Metabolic Bone Diseases: An Overview Metabolic bone diseases are a group of disorders that affect the strength...
Principles of MRI Scanning Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive imaging technique that utilizes strong magnetic...
Venipuncture and Intravenous Cannulation Procedure (a) Venipuncture Procedure Preparation and Safety Measures Wear appropriate personal protective equipment...
Baseline Investigations for Pre-operative Workup When preparing a patient with co-morbidities for elective or emergency surgery, a...
Choosing the Appropriate Suture Material Based on Tissue Characteristics When selecting the appropriate suture material for wound...
Space occupying lesions in the liver refer to abnormal growths or masses within the liver that can...
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Spinal Cord Lesions The spinal cord can be affected by various lesions that can...
General Characteristics of Behavioral Disorders Behavioral disorders encompass a range of disruptive behaviors that can significantly impact...
Definition of Brain Injury A brain injury refers to any damage to the brain that disrupts its...
Specialized Excitatory and Conductive System of the Heart The heart’s specialized excitatory and conductive system is a...
Different Structures Identified on CT Chest A CT scan of the chest is a powerful diagnostic tool...
Principles of Nerve Conduction Velocities (NCVs) and Electromyography (EMGs) Nerve Conduction Velocities (NCVs) Nerve conduction velocity (NCV)...
Differentiation Between True Pathogens, Opportunistic Pathogens, and Commensals 1. True Pathogens True pathogens are microorganisms that can...
McKeown’s Concept Thomas McKeown was a physician and demographic historian who proposed a thesis regarding the dramatic...
Biochemical and Molecular Basis of Single Gene Disorders The biochemical and molecular basis of single gene (Mendelian) disorders can...
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of macromolecules that provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells....
Extracellular Fluid (ECF) Extracellular fluid refers to all body fluids that are not contained within cells. It...
Acute on Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF) Acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a syndrome characterized by...
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which are transmitted to humans through...
Components of the Female Reproductive System The female reproductive system is a complex network of organs and...
Major Steps in the Biosynthesis of Cholesterol 1. Formation of Acetyl-CoA The biosynthesis of cholesterol begins with...
Malabsorption is a digestive disorder characterized by the body’s inability to effectively absorb nutrients from food, often due...
Sensory Pathways and Receptors Sensory pathways are the routes through which sensory information travels from the peripheral...
Morphology and Distribution of Atherosclerotic Plaque 1. Morphology of Atherosclerotic Plaque Atherosclerotic plaques exhibit a complex morphology...
Vector and the Principles Applied in Plotting Electrical Vector of the Heart The concept of a vector...
How to Read a Normal Chest X-Ray: A Step-by-Step Approach Reading a normal chest X-ray involves a...
The Three Ways of CO2 Transportation Carbon dioxide (CO2) is transported in the blood from tissues to...
Important Components of a Typical Bacterial Cell 1. Cell Envelope The cell envelope is a critical structure...
Enzymes are biological macromolecules, primarily proteins or RNA, that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions. They facilitate...
Physiological Pathway of Prostanoid Biosynthesis Prostanoids, which include prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes (TXs), are derived from arachidonic...
Basic Structures of the Oropharyngeal and Laryngo-Tracheal Anatomy Oropharyngeal Anatomy The oropharynx is a part of the...
Structure of Fibrous Proteins Fibrous proteins, also known as scleroproteins, are characterized by their elongated and filamentous...
Blood Components The components of blood can be categorized into several key elements, each serving vital functions...
Definition of Fat Tissue Fat tissue, also known as adipose tissue, is a type of loose connective...
Cerebral Blood Flow Mechanism and Controlling Factors Cerebral blood flow (CBF) refers to the blood supply to...
Gross Anatomical Features of the Spinal Cord The spinal cord is a vital structure within the central...
Introduction to Normal ECG An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a crucial diagnostic tool that provides a graphical representation...
Definition of the Period of Puerperium The period of puerperium, also known as the postpartum period, is...
General Principles of the Development of the Different Parts of the Female Genital Tract 1. Timeline of...
Nerve Supply of the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is innervated by a complex network...
Function, Structure, and Components of the Extracellular Matrix Introduction to the Extracellular Matrix (ECM) The extracellular matrix...
Function of the Dorsal and Ventral Groups of Respiratory Neurons, Pneumotaxic Center, and Apneustic Center in the...
Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations Overview of Systemic Circulation Systemic circulation is the pathway through which oxygenated blood...
Major Types of Diuretics and Their Sites of Action Diuretics are classified into several major types based...
Metabolism of Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a...
Introduction to Iron Metabolism Iron metabolism refers to the processes by which iron is absorbed, transported, stored,...
Ethical principles are crucial for guiding surgeons in their practice and decision-making processes. The four fundamental principles...
Significance of Intracellular Accumulations Intracellular accumulations refer to the buildup of substances within cells that can result...
Drug Classification Systems Drug classification systems are essential frameworks used to categorize drugs based on various criteria,...
Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a critical component of...
The problem of dysmenorrhea Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for painful menstrual periods, characterized by cramping and...
Major Therapeutic Options in the Treatment of Malaria Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites transmitted...
Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) often presents with a variety of...
Gracile and Cuneate Tracts: Pathways for Conscious Proprioception, Touch, Pressure, and Vibration Introduction to Gracile and Cuneate...
Normal Coronary Blood Flow During Systole and Diastole Coronary blood flow is essential for supplying oxygen and...
Types of Gastric Cells and Their Secretions The stomach contains several specialized cell types, each with distinct...
Cultural Characteristics of Skin and Pathogenesis of Skin Commensals and Pathogens Introduction to Skin Microbiome The skin...
Neoplasms of the Anterior Pituitary and Their Clinical Syndromes Overview of Anterior Pituitary Neoplasms The anterior pituitary...
Pathways of Protein Turnover Protein turnover is a critical biological process that involves the continuous synthesis and...
Definition of Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (CMPNs) are a group of diseases characterized by the...
Definition of Primary and Secondary Amenorrhea Primary Amenorrhea Primary amenorrhea is defined as the absence of menstrual...
Structure of the Cell Membrane The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a crucial...
Assessment of Patients’ Airway Including 1-2-3-Test Introduction to Airway Assessment Assessing a patient’s airway is critical in...
Definition of Vasculitis Vasculitis is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of blood vessels, which can affect...
Enzymatic Defects in the Heme Biosynthesis Pathway Leading to Porphyrias Porphyrias are a group of metabolic disorders...
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons Definition of Upper Motor Neurons: Upper motor neurons (UMNs) are a type of...
Symptoms of Movement Disorders Movement disorders encompass a variety of neurological conditions that primarily affect the ability...
General Features of Demyelinating Diseases Demyelinating diseases are a group of neurological disorders characterized by the destruction...
Understanding Anesthesia Depth Anesthesia depth refers to the degree of central nervous system (CNS) depression induced by...
Description of the Cubital Fossa The cubital fossa, also known as the antecubital fossa, is a triangular-shaped...
Blood Flow to Capillaries and the Role of Pre-Capillary Sphincters 1. Overview of Blood Flow to Capillaries...
Measurement of Partial Pressure of Gases The measurement of partial pressure of gases is a crucial aspect...
Pathological Features of Benign and Malignant Tumors of the Adrenal Gland Benign Adrenal Tumors Benign adrenal tumors...
Catecholamines Secreted by the Adrenal Medulla The adrenal medulla primarily secretes two key catecholamines: Epinephrine (Adrenaline): This...
Methods of Urine Collection Urine collection is a critical process in medical diagnostics, and various methods are...
Classification of Bipolar Disorders Bipolar disorder is classified into three main types: Bipolar I Disorder: This type...
Causes of Chronic Leg Ulcers and Differences in Appearance 1. Venous Leg Ulcers (VLUs) Venous leg ulcers...
Definition of Shoulder Presentation Shoulder presentation is a type of malpresentation during childbirth where the fetus is...
Central Block: Spinal and Epidural Anaesthesia Procedure including Anatomy Spinal and epidural anaesthesia are regional anaesthetic techniques...
Surface Glycoproteins of Platelets and Their Roles 1. Glycoprotein Ib-IX-V Complex (GPIb-IX-V) The GPIb-IX-V complex is crucial...
Tense versus Relaxed Forms of Hemoglobin Hemoglobin (Hb) exists in two primary structural states known as the...
Administrative Steps to Book a Patient into the Operating Theatre 1. Patient Identification and Verification Confirm the...
Principles Behind Antibiotic Prophylaxis Antibiotic prophylaxis refers to the use of antibiotics to prevent infections, particularly in...
Mechanism of Nervous Regulation (Acute) of Blood Pressure The acute regulation of blood pressure (BP) is primarily...
Muscles Attached to the Scapula The scapula, or shoulder blade, is a flat, triangular bone that serves...
Definition of Retained Placenta Retained placenta is a condition that occurs when some or all of the...
Inhalational Induction of Anaesthesia Procedure Inhalational induction of anaesthesia is a technique primarily used in paediatric practice,...
Medical Research as a Main Pillar in Medical Education 1. Development of Critical Thinking Skills Medical research...
Identifying Patients in Need of Nutritional Optimization 1. Understanding Key Indicators To identify patients who may require...
Identifying Patients in Need of Fluid Optimization Fluid optimization is crucial in various clinical scenarios, particularly for...
Imaging Modalities of the Genitourinary Tract in Pediatric Age Groups The evaluation of the genitourinary tract in...
Neuromuscular Junction: Anatomy and Physiology The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a specialized synapse that facilitates communication between...
Magnitude and Causes of Complete Perineal Tear and Rectovaginal Fistula Magnitude of the Problems Complete perineal tears...
Malocclusion, commonly referred to as a “bad bite,” is a dental condition characterized by the improper alignment...
Landmarks and Different Regions of the Anterior Abdominal Wall The anterior abdominal wall is a complex structure...
Biochemical Structure of Bone Tissue Bone tissue is a complex and dynamic structure that consists primarily of...
Transmission Process at the Neuromuscular Endplate The transmission process at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a highly...
Evolution of Anaesthesiology as a Modern Specialty Historical Foundations The roots of modern anesthesiology can be traced...
Cellular Process of Fracture Healing Fracture healing is a complex biological process that involves a series of...
Definition of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) is a condition characterized by the development of...
Clinical Syndromes of Hepatitis Hepatitis refers to the inflammation of the liver, which can be caused by...
The adenohypophysis, or anterior pituitary gland, is responsible for the production and secretion of several key hormones...
Aetiology and Magnitude of Mental Retardation Mental retardation, now more commonly referred to as intellectual disability (ID),...
Teletherapy Machines: Cobalt-60 and Linear Accelerators Introduction to Teletherapy Machines Teletherapy machines are essential devices used in...
Oligohydramnios refers to a condition characterized by an insufficient amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus during...
Aseptic Techniques, Sterilization, and Disinfection Aseptic Techniques Aseptic techniques are critical procedures used in surgical settings to...
Physiology of Vision The physiology of vision involves a complex series of processes that allow us to...
Indications for Otomicroscopic Examination Otomicroscopic examination is a specialized procedure used to visualize the ear canal and...
Principles of Fluid Therapy in the Preoperative Period Fluid therapy in the preoperative period is a critical...
Principles of Monitoring and Resuscitation in the Recovery Room The recovery room is a critical area in...
Diagnostic Role of Cytology and Its Application in Clinical Care Introduction to Cytology Cytology, also known as...
Failure to Thrive (FTT) in Children: Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Features, and Management (a) Etiopathogenesis of Failure to Thrive...
Definition of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Neonatal respiratory distress refers to a condition in newborns, particularly those who...
Plasma expanders are intravenous fluids used to increase or maintain the volume of fluid in the circulatory...
Causes of Malnutrition in the Surgical Patient Malnutrition in surgical patients can arise from a variety of...
Functions of an Intensive Care Unit 1. Patient Monitoring and Assessment One of the primary functions of...
Magnitude and Etiology of Somatoform, Dissociative, and Conversion Disorders 1. Somatoform Disorders Somatoform disorders, now more commonly...
Differences Between Endocrine and Exocrine Glands The differences between endocrine and exocrine glands are as follows: Secretion...
Indices of Maternal and Perinatal Mortality Maternal and perinatal mortality are critical indicators of health system performance...
Sphingolipid Metabolism and Their Disorders (Sphingolipidoses) Overview of Sphingolipid Metabolism Sphingolipids are a complex class of lipids...
Characteristics of Microorganisms that Cause Infection of the Cardiovascular System: Their Pathogenicity and Methods of Identification Introduction...
Circulatory Disorders of the Liver The liver is a vital organ that plays a crucial role in...
Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow The kidneys possess a remarkable ability to maintain a relatively constant renal...
Structure of Various Cartilages and Membranes of the Larynx The larynx is a complex structure composed of...
Blood Supply to the Gastrointestinal Tract The blood supply to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex...
Basic Histology of a Nerve Cell and Axon To understand the histology of a nerve cell (neuron)...
How Hair Cells in the Semicircular Canals Detect Rotational Acceleration The detection of rotational acceleration by hair...
Deamination and Transamination of Amino Acids Amino acids play a crucial role in various metabolic processes within...
Basic Anatomy of the Breast with Lymph Drainage Anatomy of the Breast The breast is a complex...
Pathophysiological Causes of Abdominal Swelling Abdominal swelling, often referred to as abdominal distension or bloating, can arise...
Principles of Using Drugs to Treat Ophthalmic Disorders Introduction to Ocular Pharmacology Ocular pharmacology is a specialized...
Symptoms of Early Pregnancy Early pregnancy is characterized by a variety of symptoms that can vary significantly...
Symptoms of Acute Abdomen Patients presenting with an acute abdomen typically experience sudden and severe abdominal pain,...
Definition of Puerperal Pyrexia Puerperal pyrexia, also known as postpartum fever, is defined as the presence of...
Physiological Changes in Children and Elderly Patients Influencing Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Parameters of Medications Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics...
Indications for Ultrasound in Obstetrics Ultrasound in obstetrics is a critical tool used for various clinical indications...
Parts of the Vulva and Their Anatomical Characteristics The vulva is a complex structure that encompasses various...
Normal Sexual Response Cycle The normal sexual response cycle is a model that outlines the sequence of physical and...
Stages in New Drug Development The process of new drug development is complex and can be divided...
Definition of Ruptured Uterus A ruptured uterus, or uterine rupture, is a serious obstetric complication characterized by...
Breech presentation is a fetal position in which the baby is positioned feet or buttocks first in the...
Definition of Face and Brow Presentation Face and brow presentations are specific types of fetal presentations that...
Definition of Chelating Agents Chelating agents are chemical compounds that can form multiple bonds with a single...
Mechanism of Action of Sulfonamides Drugs Sulfonamides, also known as sulfa drugs, are a class of synthetic...
Anemia is a condition characterized by a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells or...
Basic Anatomy of the Female Bony Pelvis The female bony pelvis is a complex structure that plays...
The occipito-posterior (OP) position refers to a fetal presentation during labor where the back of the baby’s...
Distribution of Drugs Across Body Compartments The distribution of drugs within the body is a complex process...
Abnormal uterine action refers to irregularities in the contractions of the uterus during labor, which can affect...
Causes of Intrauterine Fetal Death Intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) can occur due to a variety of factors...
Etiology of Hyperemesis Gravidarum Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is characterized by severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, leading...
A vesicular mole, also known as a hydatidiform mole, is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease characterized...
Routes of Excretion of Drugs Drug excretion is a critical process in pharmacokinetics, determining how drugs are...
A drug interaction is a reaction that occurs when two or more drugs, or a drug and...
Types of Blood Groups, Their Prevalence, and Inheritance 1. Overview of Blood Groups Blood groups are classified...
Obstructed labor, also known as dystocia, is a condition during childbirth where the progress of labor is...
Indications for Induction of Labor Induction of labor is a medical procedure that involves stimulating uterine contractions...
Purpose of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a clinical practice that involves measuring specific...
Indications, Side Effects, Precautions and Contraindications, and Interactions Common to Each Category of Anti-Infectives Anti-infectives are a...
Physiology of Ovulation Ovulation is a complex physiological process that involves the release of a mature egg...
Possible Sites of Genital Injury in Labor During labor and delivery, various sites may be susceptible to...
Devices Required for Intravenous Injection To perform an intravenous (IV) injection, healthcare professionals require a variety of...
Normal Anatomy and Position of the Uterus Anatomical Structure The uterus is a thick-walled, muscular organ that...
Routes by Which Poisons May Be Taken Into the Body Understanding how poisons can enter the body...
Theories of Formation and Functions of Amniotic Fluid Theories of Formation Amniotic fluid, also known as liquor...
Drug absorption is a complex process influenced by various physicochemical properties of the drug, its formulation, and...
Indications for Low Forceps and Ventouse in Modern Obstetrics In modern obstetrics, the use of low forceps...
Indications for Cesarean Section Cesarean sections (C-sections) are surgical procedures used to deliver a baby through an...
Definition of Contracted Pelvis A contracted pelvis is defined anatomically as a pelvis in which one or...
Synthesis of Cholesterol: Important Steps and Rate Limiting Step Cholesterol is a vital lipid molecule that plays...
Main Causes of Abnormal Vaginal Discharge Abnormal vaginal discharge can be indicative of various underlying health issues....
Synthesis, Storage, Release, and Termination of Action of Acetylcholine 1. Synthesis of Acetylcholine The synthesis of acetylcholine...
Synthesis, Storage, Release, and Termination of Action of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine 1. Synthesis The synthesis of epinephrine...
Major Trends in Lung Cancer Epidemiology in the Past 50 Years 1. Rising Incidence and Mortality Rates...
Urea and Creatinine Metabolism Urea and creatinine are two important nitrogenous waste products in human metabolism, primarily...
Understanding the Transport and Pathways of Reabsorption in the Nephron The nephron, the functional unit of the...
Locations and Branches of the Ascending Aorta and Arch of Aorta Ascending Aorta The ascending aorta is...
Caval System: Course and Relations of Superior and Inferior Vena Cava The caval system refers to the...
Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a medical condition characterized by the sudden onset of bleeding from...
Arthritis is a term that refers to inflammation of the joints, which can lead to pain, stiffness,...
Cofactors Required for Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a crucial multienzyme complex that...
Understanding Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics is a critical area of pharmacology that focuses on the effects of drugs on...
Pharmacology: An Overview Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and biology that focuses on the study of...
Definition of Bronchiectasis Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition characterized by the abnormal and permanent dilation of...
Definitions and Diagnostic Criteria for Pericarditis Definition of Pericarditis Pericarditis is defined as inflammation of the pericardium,...
