Post-term pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy that lasts longer than 42 weeks (294 days) from the...
Month: January 2025
Metabolic Bone Diseases: An Overview Metabolic bone diseases are a group of disorders that affect the strength...
Principles of MRI Scanning Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive imaging technique that utilizes strong magnetic...
Venipuncture and Intravenous Cannulation Procedure (a) Venipuncture Procedure Preparation and Safety Measures Wear appropriate personal protective equipment...
Baseline Investigations for Pre-operative Workup When preparing a patient with co-morbidities for elective or emergency surgery, a...
Choosing the Appropriate Suture Material Based on Tissue Characteristics When selecting the appropriate suture material for wound...
Space occupying lesions in the liver refer to abnormal growths or masses within the liver that can...
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Spinal Cord Lesions The spinal cord can be affected by various lesions that can...
General Characteristics of Behavioral Disorders Behavioral disorders encompass a range of disruptive behaviors that can significantly impact...
Definition of Brain Injury A brain injury refers to any damage to the brain that disrupts its...
Specialized Excitatory and Conductive System of the Heart The heart’s specialized excitatory and conductive system is a...
Different Structures Identified on CT Chest A CT scan of the chest is a powerful diagnostic tool...
Principles of Nerve Conduction Velocities (NCVs) and Electromyography (EMGs) Nerve Conduction Velocities (NCVs) Nerve conduction velocity (NCV)...
Differentiation Between True Pathogens, Opportunistic Pathogens, and Commensals 1. True Pathogens True pathogens are microorganisms that can...
McKeown’s Concept Thomas McKeown was a physician and demographic historian who proposed a thesis regarding the dramatic...
Biochemical and Molecular Basis of Single Gene Disorders The biochemical and molecular basis of single gene (Mendelian) disorders can...
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of macromolecules that provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells....
Extracellular Fluid (ECF) Extracellular fluid refers to all body fluids that are not contained within cells. It...
Acute on Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF) Acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a syndrome characterized by...
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which are transmitted to humans through...
Components of the Female Reproductive System The female reproductive system is a complex network of organs and...
Major Steps in the Biosynthesis of Cholesterol 1. Formation of Acetyl-CoA The biosynthesis of cholesterol begins with...
Malabsorption is a digestive disorder characterized by the body’s inability to effectively absorb nutrients from food, often due...
Sensory Pathways and Receptors Sensory pathways are the routes through which sensory information travels from the peripheral...
Morphology and Distribution of Atherosclerotic Plaque 1. Morphology of Atherosclerotic Plaque Atherosclerotic plaques exhibit a complex morphology...
Vector and the Principles Applied in Plotting Electrical Vector of the Heart The concept of a vector...
How to Read a Normal Chest X-Ray: A Step-by-Step Approach Reading a normal chest X-ray involves a...
The Three Ways of CO2 Transportation Carbon dioxide (CO2) is transported in the blood from tissues to...
Important Components of a Typical Bacterial Cell 1. Cell Envelope The cell envelope is a critical structure...
Enzymes are biological macromolecules, primarily proteins or RNA, that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions. They facilitate...
Physiological Pathway of Prostanoid Biosynthesis Prostanoids, which include prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes (TXs), are derived from arachidonic...
Basic Structures of the Oropharyngeal and Laryngo-Tracheal Anatomy Oropharyngeal Anatomy The oropharynx is a part of the...
Structure of Fibrous Proteins Fibrous proteins, also known as scleroproteins, are characterized by their elongated and filamentous...
Blood Components The components of blood can be categorized into several key elements, each serving vital functions...
Definition of Fat Tissue Fat tissue, also known as adipose tissue, is a type of loose connective...
Cerebral Blood Flow Mechanism and Controlling Factors Cerebral blood flow (CBF) refers to the blood supply to...
Gross Anatomical Features of the Spinal Cord The spinal cord is a vital structure within the central...
Introduction to Normal ECG An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a crucial diagnostic tool that provides a graphical representation...
Definition of the Period of Puerperium The period of puerperium, also known as the postpartum period, is...
General Principles of the Development of the Different Parts of the Female Genital Tract 1. Timeline of...
Nerve Supply of the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is innervated by a complex network...
Function, Structure, and Components of the Extracellular Matrix Introduction to the Extracellular Matrix (ECM) The extracellular matrix...
Function of the Dorsal and Ventral Groups of Respiratory Neurons, Pneumotaxic Center, and Apneustic Center in the...
Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations Overview of Systemic Circulation Systemic circulation is the pathway through which oxygenated blood...
Major Types of Diuretics and Their Sites of Action Diuretics are classified into several major types based...
Metabolism of Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a...
Introduction to Iron Metabolism Iron metabolism refers to the processes by which iron is absorbed, transported, stored,...
Ethical principles are crucial for guiding surgeons in their practice and decision-making processes. The four fundamental principles...
Significance of Intracellular Accumulations Intracellular accumulations refer to the buildup of substances within cells that can result...
Drug Classification Systems Drug classification systems are essential frameworks used to categorize drugs based on various criteria,...
Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a critical component of...
The problem of dysmenorrhea Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for painful menstrual periods, characterized by cramping and...
Major Therapeutic Options in the Treatment of Malaria Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites transmitted...
Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) often presents with a variety of...
Gracile and Cuneate Tracts: Pathways for Conscious Proprioception, Touch, Pressure, and Vibration Introduction to Gracile and Cuneate...
Normal Coronary Blood Flow During Systole and Diastole Coronary blood flow is essential for supplying oxygen and...
Types of Gastric Cells and Their Secretions The stomach contains several specialized cell types, each with distinct...
Cultural Characteristics of Skin and Pathogenesis of Skin Commensals and Pathogens Introduction to Skin Microbiome The skin...
Neoplasms of the Anterior Pituitary and Their Clinical Syndromes Overview of Anterior Pituitary Neoplasms The anterior pituitary...
Pathways of Protein Turnover Protein turnover is a critical biological process that involves the continuous synthesis and...
Definition of Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (CMPNs) are a group of diseases characterized by the...
Definition of Primary and Secondary Amenorrhea Primary Amenorrhea Primary amenorrhea is defined as the absence of menstrual...
Structure of the Cell Membrane The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a crucial...
Assessment of Patients’ Airway Including 1-2-3-Test Introduction to Airway Assessment Assessing a patient’s airway is critical in...
Definition of Vasculitis Vasculitis is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of blood vessels, which can affect...
Enzymatic Defects in the Heme Biosynthesis Pathway Leading to Porphyrias Porphyrias are a group of metabolic disorders...
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons Definition of Upper Motor Neurons: Upper motor neurons (UMNs) are a type of...
Symptoms of Movement Disorders Movement disorders encompass a variety of neurological conditions that primarily affect the ability...
General Features of Demyelinating Diseases Demyelinating diseases are a group of neurological disorders characterized by the destruction...
Understanding Anesthesia Depth Anesthesia depth refers to the degree of central nervous system (CNS) depression induced by...
Description of the Cubital Fossa The cubital fossa, also known as the antecubital fossa, is a triangular-shaped...
Blood Flow to Capillaries and the Role of Pre-Capillary Sphincters 1. Overview of Blood Flow to Capillaries...
Measurement of Partial Pressure of Gases The measurement of partial pressure of gases is a crucial aspect...
Pathological Features of Benign and Malignant Tumors of the Adrenal Gland Benign Adrenal Tumors Benign adrenal tumors...
Catecholamines Secreted by the Adrenal Medulla The adrenal medulla primarily secretes two key catecholamines: Epinephrine (Adrenaline): This...
Methods of Urine Collection Urine collection is a critical process in medical diagnostics, and various methods are...
Classification of Bipolar Disorders Bipolar disorder is classified into three main types: Bipolar I Disorder: This type...
Causes of Chronic Leg Ulcers and Differences in Appearance 1. Venous Leg Ulcers (VLUs) Venous leg ulcers...
Definition of Shoulder Presentation Shoulder presentation is a type of malpresentation during childbirth where the fetus is...
Central Block: Spinal and Epidural Anaesthesia Procedure including Anatomy Spinal and epidural anaesthesia are regional anaesthetic techniques...
Surface Glycoproteins of Platelets and Their Roles 1. Glycoprotein Ib-IX-V Complex (GPIb-IX-V) The GPIb-IX-V complex is crucial...
Tense versus Relaxed Forms of Hemoglobin Hemoglobin (Hb) exists in two primary structural states known as the...
Administrative Steps to Book a Patient into the Operating Theatre 1. Patient Identification and Verification Confirm the...
Principles Behind Antibiotic Prophylaxis Antibiotic prophylaxis refers to the use of antibiotics to prevent infections, particularly in...
Mechanism of Nervous Regulation (Acute) of Blood Pressure The acute regulation of blood pressure (BP) is primarily...
Muscles Attached to the Scapula The scapula, or shoulder blade, is a flat, triangular bone that serves...
Definition of Retained Placenta Retained placenta is a condition that occurs when some or all of the...
Inhalational Induction of Anaesthesia Procedure Inhalational induction of anaesthesia is a technique primarily used in paediatric practice,...
Medical Research as a Main Pillar in Medical Education 1. Development of Critical Thinking Skills Medical research...
Identifying Patients in Need of Nutritional Optimization 1. Understanding Key Indicators To identify patients who may require...
Identifying Patients in Need of Fluid Optimization Fluid optimization is crucial in various clinical scenarios, particularly for...
Imaging Modalities of the Genitourinary Tract in Pediatric Age Groups The evaluation of the genitourinary tract in...
Neuromuscular Junction: Anatomy and Physiology The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a specialized synapse that facilitates communication between...
Magnitude and Causes of Complete Perineal Tear and Rectovaginal Fistula Magnitude of the Problems Complete perineal tears...
Malocclusion, commonly referred to as a “bad bite,” is a dental condition characterized by the improper alignment...
Landmarks and Different Regions of the Anterior Abdominal Wall The anterior abdominal wall is a complex structure...
Biochemical Structure of Bone Tissue Bone tissue is a complex and dynamic structure that consists primarily of...
