Transmission Process at the Neuromuscular Endplate The transmission process at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a highly...
Year: 2024
Evolution of Anaesthesiology as a Modern Specialty Historical Foundations The roots of modern anesthesiology can be traced...
Cellular Process of Fracture Healing Fracture healing is a complex biological process that involves a series of...
Definition of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) is a condition characterized by the development of...
Clinical Syndromes of Hepatitis Hepatitis refers to the inflammation of the liver, which can be caused by...
The adenohypophysis, or anterior pituitary gland, is responsible for the production and secretion of several key hormones...
Aetiology and Magnitude of Mental Retardation Mental retardation, now more commonly referred to as intellectual disability (ID),...
Teletherapy Machines: Cobalt-60 and Linear Accelerators Introduction to Teletherapy Machines Teletherapy machines are essential devices used in...
Oligohydramnios refers to a condition characterized by an insufficient amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus during...
Aseptic Techniques, Sterilization, and Disinfection Aseptic Techniques Aseptic techniques are critical procedures used in surgical settings to...
Physiology of Vision The physiology of vision involves a complex series of processes that allow us to...
Indications for Otomicroscopic Examination Otomicroscopic examination is a specialized procedure used to visualize the ear canal and...
Principles of Fluid Therapy in the Preoperative Period Fluid therapy in the preoperative period is a critical...
Principles of Monitoring and Resuscitation in the Recovery Room The recovery room is a critical area in...
Diagnostic Role of Cytology and Its Application in Clinical Care Introduction to Cytology Cytology, also known as...
Failure to Thrive (FTT) in Children: Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Features, and Management (a) Etiopathogenesis of Failure to Thrive...
Definition of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Neonatal respiratory distress refers to a condition in newborns, particularly those who...
Plasma expanders are intravenous fluids used to increase or maintain the volume of fluid in the circulatory...
Causes of Malnutrition in the Surgical Patient Malnutrition in surgical patients can arise from a variety of...
Functions of an Intensive Care Unit 1. Patient Monitoring and Assessment One of the primary functions of...
Magnitude and Etiology of Somatoform, Dissociative, and Conversion Disorders 1. Somatoform Disorders Somatoform disorders, now more commonly...
Differences Between Endocrine and Exocrine Glands The differences between endocrine and exocrine glands are as follows: Secretion...
Indices of Maternal and Perinatal Mortality Maternal and perinatal mortality are critical indicators of health system performance...
Sphingolipid Metabolism and Their Disorders (Sphingolipidoses) Overview of Sphingolipid Metabolism Sphingolipids are a complex class of lipids...
Characteristics of Microorganisms that Cause Infection of the Cardiovascular System: Their Pathogenicity and Methods of Identification Introduction...
Circulatory Disorders of the Liver The liver is a vital organ that plays a crucial role in...
Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow The kidneys possess a remarkable ability to maintain a relatively constant renal...
Structure of Various Cartilages and Membranes of the Larynx The larynx is a complex structure composed of...
Blood Supply to the Gastrointestinal Tract The blood supply to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex...
Basic Histology of a Nerve Cell and Axon To understand the histology of a nerve cell (neuron)...
How Hair Cells in the Semicircular Canals Detect Rotational Acceleration The detection of rotational acceleration by hair...
Deamination and Transamination of Amino Acids Amino acids play a crucial role in various metabolic processes within...
Basic Anatomy of the Breast with Lymph Drainage Anatomy of the Breast The breast is a complex...
Pathophysiological Causes of Abdominal Swelling Abdominal swelling, often referred to as abdominal distension or bloating, can arise...
Principles of Using Drugs to Treat Ophthalmic Disorders Introduction to Ocular Pharmacology Ocular pharmacology is a specialized...
Symptoms of Early Pregnancy Early pregnancy is characterized by a variety of symptoms that can vary significantly...
Symptoms of Acute Abdomen Patients presenting with an acute abdomen typically experience sudden and severe abdominal pain,...
Definition of Puerperal Pyrexia Puerperal pyrexia, also known as postpartum fever, is defined as the presence of...
Physiological Changes in Children and Elderly Patients Influencing Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Parameters of Medications Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics...
Indications for Ultrasound in Obstetrics Ultrasound in obstetrics is a critical tool used for various clinical indications...
Parts of the Vulva and Their Anatomical Characteristics The vulva is a complex structure that encompasses various...
Normal Sexual Response Cycle The normal sexual response cycle is a model that outlines the sequence of physical and...
Stages in New Drug Development The process of new drug development is complex and can be divided...
Definition of Ruptured Uterus A ruptured uterus, or uterine rupture, is a serious obstetric complication characterized by...
Breech presentation is a fetal position in which the baby is positioned feet or buttocks first in the...
Definition of Face and Brow Presentation Face and brow presentations are specific types of fetal presentations that...
Definition of Chelating Agents Chelating agents are chemical compounds that can form multiple bonds with a single...
Mechanism of Action of Sulfonamides Drugs Sulfonamides, also known as sulfa drugs, are a class of synthetic...
Anemia is a condition characterized by a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells or...
Basic Anatomy of the Female Bony Pelvis The female bony pelvis is a complex structure that plays...
The occipito-posterior (OP) position refers to a fetal presentation during labor where the back of the baby’s...
Distribution of Drugs Across Body Compartments The distribution of drugs within the body is a complex process...
Abnormal uterine action refers to irregularities in the contractions of the uterus during labor, which can affect...
Causes of Intrauterine Fetal Death Intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) can occur due to a variety of factors...
Etiology of Hyperemesis Gravidarum Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is characterized by severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, leading...
A vesicular mole, also known as a hydatidiform mole, is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease characterized...
Routes of Excretion of Drugs Drug excretion is a critical process in pharmacokinetics, determining how drugs are...
A drug interaction is a reaction that occurs when two or more drugs, or a drug and...
Types of Blood Groups, Their Prevalence, and Inheritance 1. Overview of Blood Groups Blood groups are classified...
Obstructed labor, also known as dystocia, is a condition during childbirth where the progress of labor is...
Indications for Induction of Labor Induction of labor is a medical procedure that involves stimulating uterine contractions...
Purpose of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a clinical practice that involves measuring specific...
Indications, Side Effects, Precautions and Contraindications, and Interactions Common to Each Category of Anti-Infectives Anti-infectives are a...
Physiology of Ovulation Ovulation is a complex physiological process that involves the release of a mature egg...
Possible Sites of Genital Injury in Labor During labor and delivery, various sites may be susceptible to...
Devices Required for Intravenous Injection To perform an intravenous (IV) injection, healthcare professionals require a variety of...
Normal Anatomy and Position of the Uterus Anatomical Structure The uterus is a thick-walled, muscular organ that...
Routes by Which Poisons May Be Taken Into the Body Understanding how poisons can enter the body...
Theories of Formation and Functions of Amniotic Fluid Theories of Formation Amniotic fluid, also known as liquor...
Drug absorption is a complex process influenced by various physicochemical properties of the drug, its formulation, and...
Indications for Low Forceps and Ventouse in Modern Obstetrics In modern obstetrics, the use of low forceps...
Indications for Cesarean Section Cesarean sections (C-sections) are surgical procedures used to deliver a baby through an...
Definition of Contracted Pelvis A contracted pelvis is defined anatomically as a pelvis in which one or...
Synthesis of Cholesterol: Important Steps and Rate Limiting Step Cholesterol is a vital lipid molecule that plays...
Main Causes of Abnormal Vaginal Discharge Abnormal vaginal discharge can be indicative of various underlying health issues....
Synthesis, Storage, Release, and Termination of Action of Acetylcholine 1. Synthesis of Acetylcholine The synthesis of acetylcholine...
Synthesis, Storage, Release, and Termination of Action of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine 1. Synthesis The synthesis of epinephrine...
Major Trends in Lung Cancer Epidemiology in the Past 50 Years 1. Rising Incidence and Mortality Rates...
Urea and Creatinine Metabolism Urea and creatinine are two important nitrogenous waste products in human metabolism, primarily...
Understanding the Transport and Pathways of Reabsorption in the Nephron The nephron, the functional unit of the...
Locations and Branches of the Ascending Aorta and Arch of Aorta Ascending Aorta The ascending aorta is...
Caval System: Course and Relations of Superior and Inferior Vena Cava The caval system refers to the...
Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a medical condition characterized by the sudden onset of bleeding from...
Arthritis is a term that refers to inflammation of the joints, which can lead to pain, stiffness,...
Cofactors Required for Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a crucial multienzyme complex that...
Understanding Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics is a critical area of pharmacology that focuses on the effects of drugs on...
Pharmacology: An Overview Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and biology that focuses on the study of...
Definition of Bronchiectasis Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition characterized by the abnormal and permanent dilation of...
Definitions and Diagnostic Criteria for Pericarditis Definition of Pericarditis Pericarditis is defined as inflammation of the pericardium,...
The Pathogenesis of Acne and Rosacea Overview of Acne Pathogenesis Acne vulgaris is primarily a chronic inflammatory...
Synthetic Analogs of Hypothalamic Hormones Hypothalamic hormones play a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes, including...
Understanding Pediatric Chest X-Ray Interpretation Interpreting pediatric chest X-rays requires a systematic approach due to the unique...
Dealing with Emergency Situations in ENT 1. Understanding Common ENT Emergencies Emergency situations in the ear, nose,...
Overview of Congenital Bleeding Disorders 1. Von Willebrand Disease Heritance: Von Willebrand disease (vWD) is primarily inherited...
Classification of Acute Leukemias Acute leukemias are classified primarily into two main types: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) and Acute Myeloid...
Structure of Cell Membrane Receptors and Intracellular Receptors for Different Hormones Introduction to Hormone Receptors Hormones exert...
Inborn errors of metabolism are rare genetic disorders that affect the body’s ability to convert food into...
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs, which can include the uterus,...
Enzymes Involved in Substrate Level Phosphorylation in Glycolysis and TCA Cycle 1. Substrate Level Phosphorylation in Glycolysis...
Different Presentations of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children Upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) are among the...
Main Congenital Diseases of the Kidney Congenital diseases of the kidneys are structural abnormalities that occur during...
Microscopic Structure of Cardiac Muscle Cardiac muscle, or myocardium, is a specialized type of muscle tissue found...
Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism is a condition characterized by an overproduction of thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4)...
Understanding the Different Terms Used in the Description of Nerve Diseases When discussing nerve diseases, a variety...
Pharmacology of Mineralocorticoids Pharmacokinetics Mineralocorticoids, primarily aldosterone, are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. Their pharmacokinetics...
Mechanisms of Renal Concentration and Dilution of Urine The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating the...
Cholesterol Metabolism and Its Regulation Introduction to Cholesterol Metabolism Cholesterol metabolism is a vital process that involves...
Definition of Soft Tissue and Bone Tumors 1. Soft Tissue Tumors Soft tissue tumors are abnormal growths...
General Morphologic and Functional Patterns of Hepatic Injury Introduction to Hepatic Injury Hepatic injury refers to damage...
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, and they play a crucial role in various...
Pharmacokinetics Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that are primarily produced in the adrenal cortex. Their...
Common Types of Eczema and Their Clinical Presentations Eczema, also known as dermatitis, is a group of...
Structure of Globular Proteins Globular proteins are characterized by their spherical or globe-like shape, which is primarily...
Main Features of the Major Groups of Antiarrhythmic Drugs Antiarrhythmic drugs are classified into several major groups...
Ectopic Foci of Excitation and Re-entry Phenomena Ectopic Foci of Excitation Ectopic foci are abnormal pacemaker sites...
Histopathologic Changes, Age Incidence, and Risk Factors for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Its Association with Human Papillomavirus...
Common Radiological Investigations for Neurological Disorders Radiological investigations play a crucial role in diagnosing neurological disorders. They...
Major Types of Breast Lumps 1. Benign Breast Lumps Benign breast lumps are non-cancerous and account for...
Major Sources of Energy for the Cardiac Muscle The cardiac muscle, or myocardium, relies on a variety...
Understanding Hemoglobin Affinity and P50 Values Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting...
Brunner’s Glands and Their Role in the Duodenum Brunner’s glands are specialized submucosal glands located in the...
Categories of Solid Tumors in Children Solid tumors in children can be categorized based on their origin,...
Understanding the Variant Definitions of Skin Lesions in Children The classification and understanding of skin lesions in...
Understanding the Larynx and Its Disorders The larynx, commonly known as the voice box, is a crucial...
Structure of the Coats of the Eyeball The human eyeball is a complex structure composed of three...
Metabolic Picture in the Well-Fed State and During Starvation The metabolic processes in the body vary significantly...
An aneurysm is a bulging, weakened area in the wall of a blood vessel, resulting in an...
Pathophysiology of Intermittent Claudication Intermittent claudication is a condition characterized by muscle pain or cramping in the...
Basic Skin Structure and Function of Various Cells The skin is the largest organ of the human...
Lipases Acting on Triglycerides in Different Parts of the Body Lipases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis...
Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that utilizes drugs to destroy cancer cells and inhibit their...
Importance of Major and Minor Blood Groups The classification of blood into major and minor groups is...
Breast Anatomy Overview The anatomy of the breast is complex and varies between males and females, primarily...
Connective tissue diseases (CTDs) are a group of disorders that primarily affect the connective tissues in the...
Receptive Relaxation Reflex and Basic Electrical Rhythm of Stomach Motility The stomach plays a crucial role in...
Nature of Female Sex Steroids and Contraceptive Agents Female sex steroids primarily include estrogen and progesterone, which...
Understanding Epilepsy and Seizures Definition of Epilepsy Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures,...
Common Pediatric Orthopedic Conditions Pediatric orthopedic conditions encompass a variety of musculoskeletal disorders that affect children and...
Divisions of the Heart into Four Chambers and Their Features The human heart is a muscular organ...
Types of Occupational Hazards that Affect the Respiratory System Occupational hazards that affect the respiratory system can...
Role of Carnitine in Fatty Acid Transport Across Mitochondria for Oxidation Carnitine plays a crucial role in...
Main Medical Diseases in Pregnancy Pregnancy is a unique physiological state that can significantly affect pre-existing medical...
Psychosomatic disorders are conditions where psychological factors, particularly stress and emotional distress, contribute to or exacerbate physical...
Morphology of Candida albicans Candida albicans is a dimorphic fungus, meaning it can exist in two distinct...
Local Mechanisms Controlling Blood Flow to Tissues Blood flow to tissues is regulated through a combination of...
Definition of Biostatistics Biostatistics is a branch of statistics that applies statistical methods to the analysis of...
Anatomy of Major Tracts The central nervous system (CNS) is intricately organized, with various tracts facilitating communication...
Common Types of Gallstones and Their Pathophysiology Introduction to Gallstones Gallstones are solid particles that form in...
Thyroid hormone biosynthesis is a complex biochemical process that occurs primarily in the thyroid gland, which is...
Indications for Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is primarily indicated for severe psychiatric conditions, particularly when...
The Relationship of Genetics and Health Overview of Genetics in Health Genetics plays a crucial role in...
Pathogenesis of Various Forms of Reactive Erythemas Reactive erythemas are skin conditions characterized by redness and inflammation,...
Types of Pain a. Nociceptive Pain Nociceptive pain is a type of pain that arises from the...
Liver cirrhosis is a late-stage scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases...
Ketone Bodies and Their Formation Ketone bodies are water-soluble molecules produced by the liver during periods of...
Characteristics and Techniques of Various Psychotherapeutic Approaches 1. Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Characteristics: This approach is rooted in the...
Definition of Stroke and Its Subtypes A stroke is a medical emergency that occurs when the blood...
Understanding Hormonal Laboratory Tests in Clinical Diagnosis Hormonal laboratory tests play a crucial role in the clinical...
Biosynthesis of Steroid Hormones The biosynthesis of steroid hormones is a complex biochemical process that primarily involves...
Definition of Rhinosinusitis Rhinosinusitis is defined as the inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nasal passages...
Dyspepsia, commonly referred to as indigestion, is characterized by a range of symptoms that arise from the...
Primary and Secondary Infertility Infertility is a significant health issue that affects many individuals and couples worldwide....
Assisted reproduction refers to a range of medical techniques used to help individuals or couples conceive a...
Formation of Dorsal Aorta The dorsal aorta is a crucial structure in the embryonic development of vertebrates,...
Factors Affecting the Growth of Microorganisms Microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, thrive in various environments influenced by...
Anatomy of Hemorrhoids Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are vascular structures in the anal canal that can...
Definition of Chronic Renal Failure Chronic Renal Failure (CRF), also known as Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), is...
Definition of Acute Renal Failure Acute renal failure (ARF), also known as acute kidney injury (AKI), is...
Overview of the Urinary System The urinary system, also known as the renal system, is a complex...
Food Sources, Requirement, Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion of Iron, Vitamin B12, and Folic Acid (a) Iron Food...
Types of Dopamine Receptors Blocked by Antipsychotic Drugs Antipsychotic drugs, primarily used to treat schizophrenia and other...
Origin, Course, Branches, and Distribution of the Left and Right Coronary Arteries 1. Origin of the Coronary...
Genetic Bases for Sex Determination Sex determination in humans is fundamentally governed by genetic mechanisms that involve...
Dynamics of Capillary Exchange of Fluid in the Lungs and Pulmonary Interstitial Fluid Introduction to Capillary Exchange...
Four Stages of Labor and Their Management Labor is a complex physiological process that occurs in four...
Risk Factors for Genital Prolapse Genital prolapse, also known as pelvic organ prolapse (POP), occurs when the...
Definition of Menorrhagia Menorrhagia is defined as heavy menstrual bleeding that lasts longer than seven days or...
Mechanism and Mode of Metabolism in a Postabsorptive State The postabsorptive state, also known as the fasting...
Categories of Qualitative Alterations of Leukocytes Leukocytes, or white blood cells, play a crucial role in the...
Functions of Leucocytes Leucocytes, commonly known as white blood cells (WBCs), play a crucial role in the...
Distinguishing Between Endometriosis, Adenomyosis, and Endosalpingiosis Clinical Features Endometriosis: Symptoms: Common symptoms include pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea (painful...
Concept of Bone Reaction Against Bone Insult (Osteoblastic Lesion) Introduction to Osteoblastic Lesions Osteoblastic lesions are a...
Mediastinum The mediastinum is a central compartment of the thoracic cavity, situated between the left and right...
Concepts of Coma, Lethargy, Stupor, Alertness 1. Coma Coma is a profound state of unresponsiveness where an...
Definition of Ticks Ticks are small arachnids belonging to the order Ixodida, which are ectoparasites that feed...
Initial Anatomic Location of Deep Vein Thrombosis Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) primarily occurs in the deep veins...
Comparison of Oral Anticoagulants and Heparin Pharmacokinetics Oral anticoagulants, such as warfarin and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs)...
Basis for the Antithrombotic Role of Normal Endothelium The endothelium, a thin layer of cells lining the...
Parameters Used to Detect Hemolysis Detecting hemolysis involves several laboratory parameters that assess the breakdown of red...
PCR-SSCP: An Overview Polymerase Chain Reaction-Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) is a molecular biology technique used primarily...
Structural Abnormalities of Alpha and Beta Thalassemia Thalassemia is a group of inherited blood disorders characterized by...
Maturational Sequence of Erythroid Cells in the Bone Marrow The process of erythropoiesis, or the formation of...
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Structure and Its Structure-Function Relationship 1. Overview of Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Red...
Organs Responsible for Hematopoiesis in the Fetus Hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell production, begins early in...
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a serious condition characterized by the widespread activation...
Main Features of Angiomyolipoma and Oncocytoma (Benign Renal Neoplasms) Angiomyolipoma Angiomyolipoma (AML) is a benign tumor of...
Anatomy of the Female Pelvis The female pelvis is a complex structure that plays a crucial role...
Microscopic Structure of the Upper Respiratory Passage The upper respiratory passage includes structures such as the nasal...
Specificity of Carbohydrate, Lipid, Amino Acid, and Nitrogen Metabolism in the Liver The liver plays a central...
Understanding Mutations Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of an organism’s genome. These alterations can occur...
